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Oracle精髓之ORACLE簡(jiǎn)介及常見錯(cuò)誤處理
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1. Oracle技術(shù)的發(fā)展1)1979年,Rational Softwar公司推出oracle v22)1983年,RSI更名為ORACLE公司,推出面向多操作平臺(tái)的oracle單一代碼庫3)1989年,推出oracle64)1999年,推出oracle8i(i表示支持internet)5)2000年,推出oracle9i2. OCI(Oracle Call Interface): 調(diào)用接口3.數(shù)據(jù)庫網(wǎng)絡(luò)1)oracle客戶- oralcle net; -oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器 oracle names oracle internet Directory2)基于瀏覽器的客戶-orace9i AS(集成了原來的應(yīng)用服務(wù)器和web服務(wù)器)-oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器3)corba對(duì)象-連接治理器-oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器4.RMAN(Recovery Manage):恢復(fù)治理器,借助存儲(chǔ)在數(shù)據(jù)庫中的恢復(fù)目錄,來治理數(shù)據(jù)庫的恢復(fù)和備份5.常見錯(cuò)誤處理ORA-01650:unable to extend rollback segment NAME by NUM intablespace NAME產(chǎn)生原因:上述ORACLE錯(cuò)誤為回滾段表空間不足引起的,這也是ORACLE數(shù)據(jù)治理員最常見的ORACLE錯(cuò)誤信息。當(dāng)用戶在做一個(gè)非常龐大的數(shù)據(jù)操作導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)有回滾段的不足,使可分配用的回滾段表空間已滿,無法再進(jìn)行分配,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)上述的錯(cuò)誤。解決方式:使用“ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace_name ADD DATAFILE filename SIZE size_of_file”命令向指定的數(shù)據(jù)增加表空間,根據(jù)具體的情況可以增加一個(gè)或多個(gè)表空間。當(dāng)然這與還與你主機(jī)上的裸盤設(shè)備有關(guān),假如你主機(jī)的裸盤設(shè)備已經(jīng)沒有多余的使用空間,建議你不要輕意的增加回滾段表空間的大小,可使用下列的語句先查詢一下剩余的tablespace空間有多少:Select user_name,sql_text from V$open_cursor where user_name=’<user_name>’;假如多余的空間比較多,就可以適當(dāng)追加一個(gè)大的回滾段給表空間使用,從而避免上述的錯(cuò)誤。你也可以用以下語句來檢測(cè)一下rollback segment的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)狀況:Select class,count from V$waitstat where calss in(‘system undo header’,’system undo block’,’undo header’,’undo block’);和Select sum(value) from V$sysstat where name in (‘db_block_gets’,’consistents gets’);假如任何一個(gè)class in count/sum(value)大于1%,就應(yīng)該考慮增加rollback segment。相應(yīng)的英文如下:Cause:Failed to allocate extent from the rollback segment in tablespaceAction:Use the ALTER TABLESPACE ADD DATAFILE statement to add one or more files to the specified tablespace.ORA-01652:unable to extend temp segment by num in tablespace name產(chǎn)生原因:ORACLE臨時(shí)段表空間不足,因?yàn)镺RACLE總是盡量分配連續(xù)空間,一但沒有足夠的可分配空間或者分配不連續(xù)就會(huì)出現(xiàn)上述的現(xiàn)象。解決方法:我們知道由于ORACLE將表空間作為邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)-單元,而表空間的物理結(jié)構(gòu)是數(shù)據(jù)文件,數(shù)據(jù)文件在磁盤上物理地創(chuàng)建,表空間的所有對(duì)象也存在于磁盤上,為了給表空間增加空間,就必須增加數(shù)據(jù)文件。先查看一下指定表空間的可用空間,使用視圖SYS.DBA_FREE_SPACE,視圖中每條記錄代表可用空間的碎片大小:SQL>Select file_id,block_id,blocks,bytes from sys.dba_free_space where tablespace_name=’<users>’;返回的信息可初步確定可用空間的最大塊,看一下它是否小于錯(cuò)誤信息中提到的尺寸,再查看一下缺省的表空間參數(shù):SQL>SELECT INITIAL_EXTENT,NEXT_EXTENT,MIN_EXTENTS,PCT_INCREASE FROM SYS.DBA_TABLESPACES WHERE TABLESPACE_NAME=name;通過下面的SQL命令修改臨時(shí)段表空間的缺省存儲(chǔ)值:SQL>ALTER TABLESPACE name DEFAULT STORAGE (INITIAL XXX NEXT YYY);適當(dāng)增大缺省值的大小有可能解決出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤問題,也可以通過修改用戶的臨時(shí)表空間大小來解決這個(gè)問題:SQL>ALTER USER username TEMPORARY TABLESPACE new_tablespace_name;使用ALTER TABLESPACE命令,一但完成,所增加的空間就可使用,無需退出數(shù)據(jù)庫或使表空間脫機(jī),但要注重,一旦添加了數(shù)據(jù)文件,就不能再刪除它,若要?jiǎng)h除,就要?jiǎng)h除表空間。一個(gè)報(bào)錯(cuò)例子如下:ORA-1652:unable to extend temp segment by 207381 in tablespace TEMPSPACE相應(yīng)的英文如下:Cause: Failed to allocate extent for temp segment in tablespaceAction:Use the ALTER TABLESPACE ADD DATAFILE statement to add one or more files to the specified tablespace or create the object in another tablespace.ORA-01578:Oracle data block corrupted(file # num,block # num)產(chǎn)生原因:當(dāng)ORACLE訪問一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)塊時(shí),由于1、硬件的I/O錯(cuò)誤;2、操作系統(tǒng)的I/O錯(cuò)誤或緩沖問題;3、內(nèi)存或paging問題;4、ORACLE試圖訪問一個(gè)未被格式化的系統(tǒng)塊失敗;5、數(shù)據(jù)文件部分溢出等上述幾種情況的一種引起了邏輯壞塊或者物理壞塊,這時(shí)就會(huì)報(bào)ORA-01578的錯(cuò)誤。解決方式:由于ORACLE只有在訪問到有問題的數(shù)據(jù)文件時(shí)才會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò),所以報(bào)錯(cuò)的時(shí)間有可能會(huì)比實(shí)際出錯(cuò)的時(shí)間要晚,如果ORA-01578出錯(cuò)信息提示數(shù)據(jù)壞塊指向的是用戶自己的數(shù)據(jù)文件,則用以下方法來解決:假如通過下面的SQL語句查出的壞塊出現(xiàn)有索引上,則只需重建索引即可 SQL>Select owner,segment_name,segment_type from dba_extents where file_id=<F> and <B> between block_id and block_id+blocks-1;(<F>和<B>分別是ORA-01578報(bào)出的壞塊出現(xiàn)的文件號(hào)和塊號(hào))假如壞塊出現(xiàn)在表上,先用以下語句分析是否為永久性壞塊(建議多執(zhí)行一兩次,有助于鑒別數(shù)據(jù)壞塊是永久性的(硬盤上的物理壞塊)還是隨機(jī)性的(內(nèi)存或硬件錯(cuò)誤引起)): SQL>Analyze table <table_name> validate strUCture cascade;執(zhí)行該命令后,可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下的結(jié)果:ORA-01578:與原先錯(cuò)誤信息有相同的參數(shù),為永久性的物理或邏輯壞塊;與原先錯(cuò)誤信息有不同的參數(shù),可能與內(nèi)存,page space和I/O設(shè)備有關(guān)。假如用戶有此表的最新備份,那么最好是用此備份來恢復(fù)此表,或者使用event 10231來取出壞塊以外的數(shù)據(jù):<1>.先關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫<2>.編輯init<sid>.ora文件,加入:event=”10231 trace name context forever,level 10”<3>.startup restrict<4>.創(chuàng)建一個(gè)臨時(shí)表:SQL>create table errortemp as select * from error;(error是壞表的表名)<5>.把event從init<sid>.ora文件中刪掉并重起數(shù)據(jù)庫<6>.rename壞表,把臨時(shí)表rename成壞表的表名<7>.創(chuàng)建表上的INDEX等假如ORA-01578出錯(cuò)信息提示數(shù)據(jù)壞塊指向的是數(shù)據(jù)字典或者是回滾段的話,你應(yīng)該立即與ORACLE公司聯(lián)系,共同商量一個(gè)好的解決辦法。這里所講的解決方法只是比較常見的一種,一些更為具體的解決辦法可以查看一下ORACLE的故障解決手冊(cè),那里面有浞及使用ROWID方法來取出壞塊以外的數(shù)據(jù)的方法,這里就不介紹了。相應(yīng)的英文如下:Cause:The given data block was corrupted,probably due to program errorsAction:Try to restore the segment containing the given data block,This may involve dropping the segment and recreating it,If there is a trace file,report the messages recorded in it to customer support.ORA-01628:max # of extents num reached for rollback segment num產(chǎn)生原因:這種錯(cuò)誤通常為一個(gè)回滾段和一個(gè)表空間已經(jīng)達(dá)到MAXEXTENTS參數(shù)設(shè)置的極限。要注重的是這個(gè)MAXEXTENTS不是該回滾段或表空間的硬件極限,硬件極限取決于數(shù)據(jù)庫創(chuàng)建時(shí)在init.ora文件中指定的DB_BLOCK_SIZE參數(shù)的值。解決方法:使用SQL命令A(yù)LTER TABLESPACE…STORAGE(MAXEXTENTS XXXX)來增加 MAXEXTENTS,其中“XXXX”值必須大于 錯(cuò)誤信息中所指的數(shù)值,但不能大于LARGEST MAXEXTENT的值,假如已經(jīng)達(dá)到了LARGEST MAXEXTENT VALUE,解決的辦法就是重新創(chuàng)建較大的范圍尺寸,使用帶有選項(xiàng)COMPRESS=Y的EXPort工具導(dǎo)出表,假如表空間有可用空間,先給表做一個(gè)備份,用alter tablespace tablespace_name更改其名字,然后再裝載表回?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫。查看其錯(cuò)誤出現(xiàn)的地方,假如出現(xiàn)在回滾段或索引上,那么必須將其刪除并重建,假如出現(xiàn)在臨時(shí)表空間,修改臨時(shí)表空間的存儲(chǔ)字段,便可解決這個(gè)問題。一個(gè)報(bào)錯(cuò)例子如下:ORA-1628:max # extents 50 reached for rollback segment RBS_1相應(yīng)的英文如下:Cause: An attempt was made to extend a rollback segment that already has reached its maximum size or space could not be allocated in the data dictionary to contain the definition of the object.Action:If possible,increase the value of either the MAXEXTENTS or PCTINCREASE initialization parameters or find the data dictionary table lacking space and alter the storage parameters,as described in the Oracle8 Server Administrator’s Guide.ORA-00600:internal error code,arguments:[num],[?],[?],[?],[?]產(chǎn)生原因:這種錯(cuò)誤通常為ORACLE的內(nèi)部錯(cuò)誤,只對(duì)OSS和ORACLE開發(fā)有用。ORA-600的錯(cuò)誤經(jīng)常伴隨跟蹤文件的狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)儲(chǔ)(系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)和進(jìn)程狀態(tài)),系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)存儲(chǔ)將包括ORACLE RDBMS持有的當(dāng)前對(duì)象的信息,進(jìn)程狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)儲(chǔ)則將顯示非凡進(jìn)程持有的對(duì)象,當(dāng)進(jìn)程符合了某錯(cuò)誤條件時(shí),經(jīng)常是由于一些信息取自它持有的一個(gè)塊,假如我們知道這些錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)程持有的塊,就輕易跟蹤問題的來源。解決方法:一般來說出現(xiàn)這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤我們本身是無法解決的,只有從提高系統(tǒng)本身各方面來解決這個(gè)內(nèi)部問題,如增加硬件設(shè)備,調(diào)整系統(tǒng)性能,使用OPS(當(dāng)然OPS從某種意義上說并不是一種好的解決方式)等。ORA-600錯(cuò)誤的第一個(gè)變量用于標(biāo)記代碼中錯(cuò)誤的位置(代碼中的每個(gè)部分的第一變量都不一樣),從第二個(gè)到第五個(gè)變量顯示附加信息,告訴OSS代碼在哪里出現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤。一個(gè)報(bào)錯(cuò)例子如下:ORA-00600: internal error code, arguments: [1237], [], [], [], [], [], [], []相應(yīng)的英文如下:Cause:This is a catchall internal error message for Oracle program exceptions.It indicates that a process has met a low-level,unexpected condition.Various causes of this message include:Time-outs(超時(shí))File corruption(文件太老)Failed data checks in memory(內(nèi)存檢索失敗)Hardware,memory,or I/O errors(硬件、內(nèi)存或者磁盤錯(cuò)誤)Incorrectly restored files(錯(cuò)誤的重建文件)ORA-03113:end-of-file on communication channel產(chǎn)生原因:通訊不正常結(jié)束,從而導(dǎo)致通訊通道終止解決方法:1>.檢查是否有服進(jìn)程不正常死機(jī),可從alert.log得知2>.檢查sql*Net Driver是否連接到ORACLE可執(zhí)行程序3>.檢查服務(wù)器網(wǎng)絡(luò)是否正常,如網(wǎng)絡(luò)不通或不穩(wěn)定等4>.檢查同一個(gè)網(wǎng)上是否有兩個(gè)同樣名字的節(jié)點(diǎn)5>.檢查同一個(gè)網(wǎng)上是否有重復(fù)的IP地址相應(yīng)的英文如下:Cause:An unexpected end-of-file was processed on the communication channel.The problem could not be handled by the Net8,two task,software.This message could occur if the shadow two-task process associated with a Net8 connect has terminated abnormally,or if there is a physical failure of the interprocess communication vehicle,that is,the network or server machine went down.Action:If this message occurs during a commection attempt,check the setup files for the appropriate Net8 driver and confirm Net8 software is correctly installed on the server.If the message occurs after a connection is well established,and the error is not due to a physical failure,check if a trace file was generated on the server at failure time.Existence of a trace file may suggest an Oracle internal error that requires the assistance of customer support.ORA-00942:table or view does not exist產(chǎn)生原因:這是由于裝載的表或視圖不存在,多半是CATEXP.SQL還沒有運(yùn)行,無法執(zhí)行Export視圖,假如CATEXP.SQL已經(jīng)運(yùn)行,則可能是版本錯(cuò)誤。解決方法:因?yàn)镮mport和Export共享的一些視圖是通過運(yùn)行CATEXP.SQL來裝載的(它們具有相同的視圖),并不生成單獨(dú)的CATEXP.SQL,因而造成視圖與Export代碼不同步,較難保持彼此之間的兼容,用戶就必須建立自己的Export應(yīng)用,從而避免ORA-00942的錯(cuò)誤。相應(yīng)的英文如下:Cause:The table or view entered does not exist,a synonym that is jnot allowed here was used,or a view was referenced where a table is required.Existing user tables and views can be listed by querying the data dictionary.Certain privileges may required to Access the table.If an application returned this message,the table the application tried to access does not exist in the database,or the application does not have access to it.Action:Check each of the following:The spelling of the table or view name.That a view is not specified where a table is requiredThat an existing table or view name exists.Contact the database administrator if the table needs to be created or if user or application priviledes are required to access the table.Also, if attempting to access a table or view in another schema,make certain thecorrect schema is referenced and that access to the object is granted.ORA-01598:rollback segment “name” is not onlineCause:The rollback segment was taken offline either manually or by SMON.Action:Check the status of the rollback segment in DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS.ORA-1636: rollback segment “name” is already onlineCause:A rollback segment can only be used by one instance and an instance is trying to bring a rollback segment online that is already in use.Action:Check that the values set in the initialization parameter file for parameters ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS,ROLLBACK_SEGMENT_INITIAL,and ROLLBACK_SEGMENT_COUNT are correctly set for the instance whiththe problem,Also check that the instance is using the correct initialization parameter file.Make sure you are not confused about the difference between private and public rollback segments.See the Oracle8 Server Administrator’s Guide for more information about using rollback segments in paraller mode.上述錯(cuò)誤均為我們?cè)谑褂没貪L段時(shí)比較常見的問題,ORA-01598指明當(dāng)前使用的回滾段的狀態(tài)為“not online”,不能使用,將它改為“online”狀態(tài)即可使用;ORA-01636指明當(dāng)前回滾段已經(jīng)為“online”狀態(tài),可以直接使用,不用再集合它。ORA-1636 signalled during: alter rollback segment rb00 online我們?cè)谧鼋y(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí)還可能碰到下述問題:一個(gè)rollback segment的狀態(tài)為”Needs Recovery”的現(xiàn)象,這是由于ORACLE回退一個(gè)事物表中的沒有提交的事物時(shí)失敗所造成的。通常原因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)datafile或者tablespace是在offline的狀態(tài)或者一個(gè)undo的目標(biāo)被破壞或者rollback segment被破壞。解決的辦法是將所有的tablespace和datafile都置為online狀態(tài),假如不能解決則做下面的工作:1>.在initsid.ora中加入event=”10015 trace name context forever lever 10”;2>.shutdown數(shù)據(jù)庫然后重啟;3>.在$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/log下,找到startup時(shí)生成的trace file;4>.在trace文件 中,找到下列信息“error recovery tx(#,#) object #”;5>.根據(jù)object#(與sys.dba_objects表中的object_id相同)在sys.dba_objects表中查出該object的名字;6>.將該object drop掉;7>.在init.ora文件中將該rollback segment放回rollback_segments參數(shù)中,刪除event;8>.shutdown數(shù)據(jù)庫然后重啟。此時(shí)”Needs Recovery”的問題應(yīng)該是完全解決了,否則就是rollback segment被破壞了。ORA-01688:unable to extend table name.name partition NAME by NUM in tablespace NAME產(chǎn)生原因:指定的tablespace空間已經(jīng)被占用滿,無法擴(kuò)展。解決方法:使用“ALTER TABLESPACE ADD DATAFILE”命令增加文件系統(tǒng)文件和原始分區(qū),或者增加INITIAL的大小(如:alter tablespace CDRS101 default storage(next 500M pctincrease 1))應(yīng)該能夠解決,否則就是有人使用你的表空間上創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)比較大的數(shù)據(jù)文件導(dǎo)致你的表空間不夠用。一個(gè)報(bào)錯(cuò)例子如下:ORA-1688: unable to extend table RMMCDR.LOCAL_CDR partition LOCAL_CDR101 by 460800 in tablespace CDRS101相應(yīng)的英文如下:Cause:An extent could not be allocated for a table segment in tablespaceAction:Use the ALTER TABLESPACE ADD DATAFILE statement to add one or more files to the specified tablespace
標(biāo)簽:
Oracle
數(shù)據(jù)庫
排行榜
